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Municipal ordinances, when thoughtfully drafted and effectively implemented, are among the most powerful tools for protecting watersheds, managing stormwater, preserving forests and wetlands, and reducing flood risk. While the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection (NJDEP) provides baseline regulatory standards, these requirements function only as minimum thresholds. Under New Jersey’s home rule framework and the Municipal Land Use Law (MLUL), municipalities have broad authority to shape development patterns and use zoning, environmental ordinances, and master planning to adopt standards aligned with their community’s environmental constraints and development demands.
How municipalities put this authority into practice framed a recent webinar hosted by The Watershed Institute: “Municipal Ordinances: Key to Environmental Protection.”
Moderated by Michael Pisauro, Esq., Policy Director for The Watershed Institute, the webinar brought together three experienced practitioners to explore how municipalities can leverage local ordinances to strengthen environmental protection and community resilience:
Each presenter approached the issue from a different, complementary lens: science, land use law, and regulatory practice.
Mark began the webinar with an overview of New Jersey’s natural green infrastructure (forests, floodplains, riparian corridors, wetlands, and meadows) and its role in supporting stormwater management. Engineered systems are most effective when the surrounding natural landscapes can absorb, slow, and filter runoff. He stressed that municipalities shape the fate of these natural systems through their zoning and development decisions, making local ordinances essential to watershed health.
Mark examined how decades of land alteration, including stream channelization and straightening, impervious surface expansion, and floodplain encroachment, have dramatically changed stream systems across the state. As runoff volume increases, so does the frequency and duration of bankfull flows, which widen channels, erode banks, and transport sediment. A key indicator of watershed imbalance is floodplain disconnection: in healthy systems, streams access their floodplains during frequent storm events, dissipating energy and reducing downstream impacts. In many developed watersheds, streams remain confined within incised channels except during major storms, worsening erosion and downstream flooding.
Mark directly connected these environmental realities to municipal decision-making. Municipal ordinances play a critical role in maintaining and restoring the natural systems that support stormwater management, water quality, and community resilience. Municipalities can shape new development and use redevelopment projects as opportunities to repair historic environmental damage.
He highlighted municipal tools that strengthen watershed function, including well-crafted stream corridor ordinances, updated Environmental Resource Inventories (ERIs), master plan policies that prioritize open space preservation, and watershed improvement strategies that integrate ecological restoration with engineered BMPs.
Michele centered her presentation on a key message: the legal tools are already there for municipalities to guide growth responsibly, but they must be applied proactively and with precision.
She addressed a common assumption heard at planning board hearings: “If it’s zoned for it, it must be appropriate.” That assumption, she explained, is not always grounded in environmental analysis. Zoning districts set permitted uses and density ranges, but often without carefully accounting for wetlands, floodplains, sensitive habit, or limited infrastructure capacity.
For years, municipalities operated under the belief that the MLUL’s uniformity clause required identical development yield across parcels within a zone. However, the New Jersey Supreme Court's decision in "Rumson Estates, Inc v. Mayor Council of Borough of Fair Haven" (2003) clarified that municipalities may calibrate density based on the physical characteristics of a property. Environmentally constrained parcels don't need to support the same development intensity as unconstrained sites.
Michele also emphasized the importance of updating land-use definitions. Outdated definitions can inadvertently allow impacts far beyond what the original ordinance intended. Warehouse standards are a clear example: many were written decades ago and don't account for today's 24/7 high‑cube logistics operations with heavy truck traffic. She noted that timing of these updates is also critical. Under the MLUL’s “time of application” rule, existing zoning is locked-in once an application is filed, meaning municipalities must revise their ordinances before developers submit proposals.
Master plans also play a critical role. A well-designed plan evaluates full build-out potential, accounts for infrastructure and resource limitations, and directs growth away from sensitive areas. She urged municipalities to anticipate emerging high‑impact uses, such as data centers, and set appropriate standards in advance.
Michael G. Sinkevich outlined the legal framework that empowers municipalities to regulate environmental impacts and enforce local standards. He demonstrated how federal law, state regulations, and municipal authority intersect, especially in zoning and stormwater management, to create a strong foundation for local environmental protection.
Municipal authority to adopt environmental protections comes from two main sources: First is the zoning power granted under the MLUL, which allows towns to guide development in ways that protect public health, safety, and welfare. The MLUL also outlines what zoning ordinances may regulate, such as building density. The second source is municipal "police power," which permits towns to adopt environmental regulations, as long as they're consistent with state law, when needed to protect people, property, and general welfare. Together, these authorities give municipalities flexibility to craft and enforce environmental safeguards.
He highlighted tree protection ordinances as a clear example of validated municipal authority: In "New Jersey Shore Builders Association v. Township of Jackson" (2009), the New Jersey Supreme Court upheld Jackson Township’s ordinance that required developers to replace removed trees or pay into a dedicated planting fund, formally recognizing the critical role trees play in stormwater management and climate resilience.
Michael also reviewed MS4 permit requirements, which obligate municipalities to manage stormwater across public and private development. Beyond the permit itself, he emphasized that municipal land use boards have an independent responsibility to ensure compliance with state stormwater rules and cannot simply defer to NJDEP. To support municipalities in meeting these obligations, he highlighted several useful resources, including The Watershed Institute, New Jersey Future, Sustainable Jersey, ANJEC, and NJDEP.
Whether you serve on a governing body, land use board, or environmental commission, or work as an engineer, planner, or attorney, the full webinar offers practical insight into how local ordinances shape environmental outcomes. Community members and neighborhood advocates will also find the discussion clear, accessible, and directly relevant to how development decisions affect their town.
Watch the full webinar here:
The Watershed Institute regularly hosts workshops on stormwater management, watershed protection, and climate resilience. Click here to explore their extensive library of recorded webinars and sign-up for the next one.
On February 12, Princeton Hydro Senior Wildlife Biologist Mike McGraw, CSE, QAWB, ACE joined Bird Town Pennsylvania for a virtual Zoom workshop titled “A Wholistic Approach to Managing Residential and Park Scale Habitats for Rare and Common Bird Species.” The talk brought together ecological science, practical land‑stewardship guidance, and a powerful call to reimagine how communities support thriving bird populations across Pennsylvania and beyond.
Bird Town PA’s Education Committee hosted the webinar as part of its ongoing effort to connect residents, landowners, and municipal leaders with science‑based strategies that enhance local biodiversity. Their mission, centered on community education, habitat conservation, and sustainable landscaping, aligned seamlessly with the themes Mike explored throughout the presentation.
To help extend the reach of this insightful discussion, we’ve collected highlights from the workshop and invite you to watch the full presentation:
Mike’s presentation provided a comprehensive look at the ecological principles behind bird behavior, the habitat features that sustain both common and rare species, and the steps landowners and municipalities can take to strengthen biodiversity within residential and park‑scale landscapes. He wove together life‑history science, soil and plant ecology, practical stewardship strategies, and community‑based conservation approaches to illustrate how thoughtful land management can meaningfully support bird populations across Pennsylvania.
He emphasized that all wildlife depends on very specific combinations of biotic and abiotic conditions, meaning that changes in habitat structure, vegetation, soils, and climate directly influence which species can persist in a landscape.
To illustrate this, Mike walked attendees through:
By examining real examples of species and their migratory behaviors, Mike demonstrated how the presence (or absence) of certain bird species can serve as a diagnostic indicator of habitat function and ecosystem health, revealing signs of environmental stress, habitat fragmentation, and the impacts of climate change.
Mike outlined the fundamental elements birds need to thrive, including food, water, shelter, mates, and protected nesting or rearing spaces, and demonstrated how providing these through intentional plant selection, structural habitat diversity, and management practices rooted in natural processes results in predictable increases in wildlife use.
He paired these concepts with a practical decision‑making framework for landowners and municipalities, encouraging them to understand soils as living systems, increase plant diversity, and use ecological tools such as USDA zones and native plant lists to guide planning. Mike also highlighted the important role residential and municipal landscapes can play in supporting rare and declining bird species, offering real‑world examples and resources to help translate ecological principles into effective habitat improvements.
Access to nature is a fundamental right, and every community has the power to help shape a healthier ecological future. With this message in mind, Mike outlined a variety of ways residents and municipalities can support bird species of greatest conservation need, including implementing building standards that incorporate bird-safe features, expanding education on responsible pet practices such as keeping cats indoors, ensuring feeding stations remain clean, and adding decals to windows around the home to prevent bird strikes. He emphasized the importance of expanding and enhancing public parks and green spaces, particularly in underserved areas, and supporting programs that foster stronger connections between people and the natural world.
Mike McGraw is a Certified Senior Ecologist and Wildlife Biologist with more than 20 years of experience conducting ecological assessments, wildlife surveys, and conservation-focused research across the United States and Canada. His work spans ecological restoration, regenerative agriculture research, and master planning for large landscapes. He teaches Avifaunal Ecology at the University of Pennsylvania and serves on several municipal and land trust committees. Some of Mike’s research on regenerative agriculture has been documented in film.
The webinar was hosted by the Bird Town PA Education Committee of Bird Town Pennsylvania, LLC. Bird Town PA partners with communities to promote sustainable practices, habitat conservation, and public education aimed at supporting Pennsylvania’s bird species. Through workshops, citizen science initiatives, and municipal programs, they empower people to make informed decisions that benefit both wildlife and human well-being. Learn more at birdtownpa.org.
Princeton Hydro is proud to announce that our work with The Nature Conservancy (TNC) at South Cape May Meadows Preserve has been honored with the New Jersey Chapter of the American Society of Landscape Architects (NJASLA) Honor Award in the Landscape Architectural Design: Site Design category.
The award recognizes the Boardwalk Trail, a newly created half‑mile universally accessible route that offers visitors an immersive experience through one of the region’s most ecologically significant landscapes. Commissioned by TNC, the project was envisioned to provide inclusive public access and environmental education while safeguarding a fragile ecosystem that serves as a vital stopover along the Atlantic Flyway.
Award winners were celebrated during the NJASLA design Awards Program at Harrah's in Atlantic City. Landscape Architect Cory Speroff, PLA, ASLA, CBLP of Princeton Hydro, who served as both lead designer and project manager, accepted the award.
The South Cape May Meadows Boardwalk Trail sits within a 200-acre freshwater wetland estuary complex, a site historically restored by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to function as a natural sponge—filtering runoff, storing stormwater, and supporting amphibians, aquatic plants, and migratory birds. Nestled between historic Cape May, Cape May Point, and the Delaware Bay-Atlantic Ocean shoreline, the preserve is framed by protective dunes and a rich mosaic of sensitive habitat.
Designing a public trail within such a dynamic wetland required a careful balance of human experience and habitat preservation. The project’s goal: create an inviting, educational, and fully accessible route without disturbing critical hydrology, soils, or wildlife.
Wetlands present a unique set of constraints, including seasonal water fluctuations, soft soils, sensitive habitat, and tight regulatory requirements. Traditional construction methods and materials risked unnecessary disturbance and long‑term maintenance issues, making innovation essential.
To minimize impacts, the design team utilized helical pile foundations installed with lightweight equipment. This allowed the boardwalk to be constructed from the top down, significantly reducing ground disturbance. Material selections, such as recycled plastic deck boards, anodized aluminum structural components, and stainless‑steel fasteners, were chosen for their durability and resilience in the harsh coastal environment.
The result is a low‑impact, elevated boardwalk that blends seamlessly into the landscape, allowing visitors to experience the wetland’s seasonal rhythms while deepening their understanding of its ecosystems, preserving ecological function, and ultimately serving as a model for sustainable recreation in sensitive environments.
The NJASLA Design Awards Program "highlights exemplary works of landscape architecture and brings recognition to organizations and individuals who demonstrate superior skill in the practice and study of landscape architecture." Each year, the NJASLA Design Awards Program is juried by a sibling ASLA chapter; this year’s jury consisted of selected members of the Arizona ASLA Chapter, who evaluated submissions based on design excellence, innovation, and alignment with professional standards.
This year’s NJASLA Design Awards program featured 17 entries, with only nine receiving awards: one Chapter award, three Honor awards, and five Merit awards. Entrants must be full or associate ASLA members, and submissions are evaluated on strict criteria that reflect the organization’s mission to elevate professional standards and expand public awareness of landscape architecture. In addition to being showcased during the awards celebration, award winners will be featured in upcoming NJASLA newsletters, on the chapter website, and in event displays promoting excellence in landscape architecture across New Jersey.
To learn more about NJASLA and this year's award-winning projects, go here. To learn more about the South Cape May Meadows Preserve and our work with TNC to create a space where people of all abilities can enjoy nature, reflect, and find peace, go here.
Our team participated in a special community screening of the 4-part docuseries, "Roots So Deep (You Can See the Devil Down There)" at the historic Newtown Theatre in Pennsylvania. As one of the country’s oldest continuously operating theaters, the venue provided a meaningful setting for a film centered on heritage, land stewardship, and community. People throughout the region gathered to explore how regenerative grazing can restore soils, support wildlife, and strengthen the resilience of working farms. The event was co-hosted by Newtown Theatre, Bowman's Hill Wildflower Preserve, and Pinelands Nursery.
"Roots So Deep" follows farmers and researchers across the country as they test adaptive multi-paddock (AMP) grazing and measure its ecological impacts. This method mimics the way bison once roamed the land. The film explores themes of soil health, biodiversity, and the value of collaborative land management. Can AMP grazing can help farmers reduce costs by not buying fertilizer, restore depleted soils, rebuild wildlife habitat, and capture carbon?
At the center of the evening was Princeton Hydro Senior Wildlife Biologist Michael McGraw, CSE, QAWB, and ACE, who appears in the documentary for his work studying breeding bird populations in AMP grazed landscapes. His research examines how breeding bird communities differ between paddocks managed with AMP grazing and those that are continuously grazed. The film emphasizes that when grazing is managed thoughtfully, farmland can support both agricultural productivity and ecological benefits, including healthier wildlife populations.
After the screening, Mike participated in a Q and A session and shared insights from his fieldwork. He discussed how grazing practices shape habitat quality and influence wildlife communities, and he answered a range of questions from attendees who were eager to learn about the ecological implications of AMP systems.
Mike was joined by two regional partners. Fran Chismar from Pinelands Nursery contributed perspectives from the native plant restoration community. Fran also co-hosts the podcast Native Plants, Healthy Planet, which is recognized as a top 20 nature podcast and serves as an important platform for discussions on conservation and ecological stewardship. Santino Lauricello, representing Bowman’s Hill Wildflower Preserve, added context through his expertise in native flora and conservation education. Together, their voices reinforced the collaborative spirit that drives ecological work forward.
As the conversation between Mike, Fran, Santino, and the audience began to take shape, the tone was warm, thoughtful, and deeply engaged. Members of the audience responded to the film’s themes with genuine curiosity, asking questions that reflected a sincere interest in the ecological studies presented throughout the documentary. Their enthusiasm created a sense of shared purpose, highlighting a collective desire to support healthier ecosystems and continue learning from the research behind regenerative grazing.
Even if you weren’t able to join us for the screening, you can still be part of the ongoing conversation. The trio came together on the Native Plants, Healthy Planet Podcast for a special Roots So Deep recap episode, where they explored Mike’s involvement in the project, generational shifts in family‑run agricultural operations, and reflections from the live Q&A at the Newtown Theatre. The podcast provides a meaningful way to revisit the insights from the event and continue exploring the themes of regenerative grazing and ecological restoration. Listen now: Roots So Deep with Mike McGraw and Santino Lauricella
We are grateful to the Newtown Theatre, the event organizers, and the conservation partners who helped bring this screening to life. Gatherings like this illustrate the power of bringing science and storytelling together, creating space for communities to learn, reflect, and connect.
If Roots So Deep resonated with you or sparked your curiosity about regenerative grazing and ecological research, we encourage you to continue exploring the film’s themes, follow upcoming screenings, and stay connected with the conversations it inspires. Your interest and engagement help support the momentum behind this important work. If you're a farmer looking to switch to AMP grazing and want to measure the impact, we'd be happy to talk with you about how to get started. Send us a message.
New Jersey recently enacted comprehensive legislation aimed at addressing the ecological and economic impacts of invasive plant species across the state. Signed into law on January 20, 2026, by Governor Phil Murphy on his final day in office, the New Jersey Invasive Species Management Act (S1029/A4137) establishes a permanent, statewide framework governing how designated invasive plant species may be grown and sold.
The new law reflects more than two decades of deliberation and planning among policymakers, scientists, land managers, agricultural interests, and environmental organizations, and brings New Jersey into closer alignment with neighboring states that have already adopted invasive species regulations. Implementation will unfold over several years through agency rulemaking, appointment of the New Jersey Invasive Species Council, and the phased evaluation and designation of regulated species. As these elements take shape, the law establishes a durable, science‑based framework for managing invasive plants, one that allows for adaptation as new research emerges and ecological conditions change.
This blog outlines the core components of the NJ Invasive Species Management Act, explains how implementation will unfold, and explores what the law may mean for land managers, nurseries, municipalities, and others across the state.
Invasive plant species are widely recognized as a major driver of ecosystem degradation. Once established, they can outcompete native vegetation, alter soil chemistry and hydrology, reduce wildlife habitat, and complicate land management and restoration efforts.
Prior to S1029/A4137, New Jersey was one of a small number of states without a dedicated invasive species statute, despite growing scientific consensus on the risks posed by invasive plants and the costs associated with their management. While state agencies had some authority to address invasive species under existing environmental and agricultural laws, the absence of a unified framework created regulatory gaps and inconsistencies. The NJ Invasive Species Management Act is intended to address these gaps by establishing uniform statewide standards and clear, enforceable limits on specific activities associated with invasive plants.
The law prohibits specific activities involving "Prohibited Invasive Species," defined as "an invasive species whose introduction causes, or may cause, substantial economic or environmental harm or harm to human health, or substantially threatens, or may threaten, natural resources or the use of natural resources in the State," and are listed in Section 4 of the Act. Prohibited activities (without a permit) include propagating, importing/exporting, selling, or advertising the sale of the regulated species.
The law establishes a phased compliance schedule designed to give affected industries and organizations time to adjust:
This graduated timeline is intended to allow nurseries and growers to manage existing inventory, shift production practices, and transition toward non-invasive or native alternatives. Moving forward, when new species are added, the same 13‑month and 49‑month phase‑in applies from the date the updated list is published, unless the NJ Invasive Species Council recommends a different timeline.
In addition to regulatory measures, the law directs the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection (NJDEP) to develop a website that includes the updated list of prohibited invasive species with information about how to identify the species, best practices for mitigation, and, where possible, alternative native species options. The intent is to support informed decision-making by homeowners, landscapers, municipalities, and land managers; not simply to restrict plant choices.
S1029 does not rely solely on a static list. Instead, it creates a living regulatory framework. The statute names an initial set of invasive plants, which includes widely recognized invasives such as Norway maple (Acer platanoides), tree-of-heaven (Ailanthus altissima), and English ivy (Hedera helix). Other species that have long raised ecological concerns, such as Japanese barberry (Berberis thunbergii), burning bush (Euonymus alatus), and Callery pear (Pyrus calleryana), are also expected to be evaluated. The NJDEP, in consultation with the NJ Department of Agriculture, must publish an official list of invasive and prohibited species within one year of enactment. The law also establishes a mechanism for updating the list annually based on scientific criteria and Council recommendations, allowing the state to respond to emerging threats, new research, and changing climate.
A curated visual guide, created by Pinelands Nursery, illustrates the invasive plant species included in the first phase of implementation under New Jersey’s new law:
The legislation includes provisions recognizing the operational realities of nurseries and plant suppliers. Rather than mandating immediate removal of existing nursery inventory, the law allows for an orderly phase-out process, reducing economic disruption while still advancing the law's ecological goals. However, once those deadlines pass, the NJ Department of Agriculture Secretary or the NJDEP Commissioner are both authorized to assess penalties for violations. For repeat offenses, penalties may reach up to $2,000 per day.
One of the most significant structural elements of the new law is the reestablishment of the New Jersey Invasive Species Council as a permanent body in statute. The Council, originally created in 2004 but disbanded in 2010, is now formally restored with an expanded and clearly defined role.
The Council will consist of 19 members representing a cross-section of expertise and interests, including state agencies, environmental organizations, agriculture, the nursery industry, and academic institutions. Its primary responsibilities include advising the NJDEP and NJ Department of Agriculture on:
By embedding the Council in statute, the law aims to ensure continuity, transparency, and scientific rigor in invasive species decision-making.
The New Jersey Invasive Species Management Act represents a significant shift in how the state approaches invasive plant management by placing enforceable boundaries around practices that have historically contributed to the spread of invasive plants.
The law was approved unanimously by both chambers of the New Jersey Legislature, reflecting bipartisan agreement on the ecological and economic risks posed by invasive species. An earlier version of the bill had been vetoed in 2024 over questions of agency authority, but subsequent revisions addressed those concerns and cleared the way for final passage.
To read the full statutory language and implementation details of the New Jersey Invasive Species Management Act, click here. For information about Princeton Hydro's work to mitigate invasive species in the Mid-Atlantic, click here to explore our blog, "Invasive Species in Focus: Impacts, Solutions, and Restoration Successes."
More than a century after the Paulina Lake Dam first altered the Paulins Kill River, the site now tells a very different story. A recent return visit confirms what restoration practitioners know well: when barriers are removed, rivers heal. Today, the Paulins Kill flows freely through the former Paulina Lake Dam site, reconnecting habitats that had been fragmented for generations.
The Paulina Lake Dam stood for nearly 130 years in Blairstown Township, Warren County, NJ. Constructed in the late 1800s to generate hydropower, it had long outlived its original purpose. Like many aging dams across the country, it remained in place despite no longer serving a critical function, while continuing to disrupt river processes and pose growing safety risks.
As reported in CentralJersey.com’s recent feature “The fall of dams and rise of rivers,” the majority of New Jersey’s approximately 1,700 regulated dams were built in the 19th and early 20th centuries to power mills that no longer exist. Fewer than a dozen still serve an essential purpose today. Many persist due to nostalgia, misunderstanding, or uncertainty around removal—despite blocking fish passage, trapping sediment, warming water temperatures, exacerbating flooding, and increasing the risk of failure.
The removal of Paulina Lake Dam was led by The Nature Conservancy (TNC) in partnership with Blairstown Township, New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Riverlogic–Renova Joint Venture, and Princeton Hydro. The Office of Natural Resources Revenue awarded a grant to TNC to fund a substantial portion of the removal through the Paulins Kill and Pequest Watershed Natural Resource Restoration Grant Program.
The project advanced through carefully sequenced phases, beginning with controlled notching in late 2023, followed by full demolition and sediment management in 2024, and transitioning into final adaptive management and habitat enhancement in 2025.
The ecological response has been swift and visible.
With the dam removed, more than 7.6 miles of mainstem and tributary habitat have been reconnected at the Paulina Lake site alone. The removal of the Paulina Lake Dam represents one important element of a longer-term, watershed-scale restoration initiative launched in 2013 to restore connectivity and ecological function along the Paulins Kill River. As the downstream most dam on the river, its removal builds upon earlier restoration milestones achieved through the removal of four dams: the Columbia Lake Main and Remnant Dams in 2019, the County Line Dam in 2021, and now the Paulina Lake Dam, progressively reconnecting approximately 45 miles of mainstem and tributary habitat.
Since 2016, The Nature Conservancy has also implemented a 10-year Measures and Monitoring Program to track ecological response and conservation outcomes, providing clear evidence that coordinated, science-based restoration can support a healthier, more resilient river system.
The river channel is actively stabilizing, riffle and run sequences are re-forming, and previously inundated areas are beginning to revegetate. Cooler water temperatures and the restoration of sediment transport processes are enabling the Paulins Kill to function more consistently with a cold, free‑flowing, coarse‑substrate stream system.
This recovery is already benefiting aquatic life. As Beth Styler Barry, Director of Freshwater Programs for The Nature Conservancy in New Jersey, noted in the CentralJersey.com article, “We’re already seeing American shad above the dams that were removed. We’re seeing sea lamprey and American eel. It used to be that only the biggest eels could make it upstream. Now we’re seeing all age classes.”
By reconnecting upstream and downstream populations that had been isolated for generations, the project has also restored connectivity for rare freshwater mussels, including the endangered dwarf wedgemussel (Alasmidonta heterodon) and triangle floater (Alasmidonta undulata).
“All of the organisms in a river like the Paulins Kill evolved to live in a cool, flowing, rocky-bottom stream,” Styler Barry told CentralJersey.com. “When you restore flow, the river begins to heal itself.”
A newly released project video captures this transformation in a way that still images and written updates cannot.
Drawing on aerial footage collected by The Nature Conservancy’s Volunteer Drone Team prior to demolition and by Princeton Hydro throughout and after construction, the video documents the full arc of the Paulina Lake Dam removal from initial notching through full demolition and into the restored conditions visible today. The footage provides a comprehensive look at dam removal in practice, illustrating how careful sequencing, sediment management, and adaptive design allow rivers to recover rapidly once barriers are removed.
Beyond ecological gains, the removal of Paulina Lake Dam has significantly improved public safety and community resilience. In CentralJersey.com, Geoffrey M. Goll, PE, President of Princeton Hydro, emphasized the long-term risks associated with aging dams. “If you don’t take care of them, they’ll come out on their own—and that’s a much bigger problem. Once dams are properly removed, people start to see the value of a free-flowing river.”
Many dams were never designed to withstand today’s hydrologic conditions. With climate change driving more frequent and intense rainfall events, proactive removal reduces flood risk, eliminates inspection and maintenance liabilities, and allows rivers to function as more resilient, self-sustaining systems. At the Paulina Lake site, removal has also improved recreational access and restored a more natural landscape for the community.
While the Paulins Kill now flows freely through the former Paulina Lake Dam site, final project phases focus on adaptive management, targeted bank stabilization, habitat feature enhancement, and native tree planting to support long term ecological resilience. As the river continues to adjust and evolve, the Paulina Lake Dam site stands as a clear example of what is possible when outdated infrastructure is thoughtfully removed and natural systems are given the opportunity to recover.
As 2025 comes to a close, we’re proud to reflect on a year of innovation, collaboration, and impact. From advancing ecosystem restoration and water quality initiatives to sharing expertise on the global stage, these milestones showcase the dedication of our team and the strength of our partnerships. None of this would have been possible without the trust and support of our clients, collaborators, and community. Join us as we celebrate the Top 10 Successes of 2025:
After more than a century of standing, the Paulina Lake Dam on the Paulins Kill River in Warren County, NJ, was fully removed, marking a transformative milestone for one of New Jersey’s largest tributaries to the Delaware River. Led by The Nature Conservancy New Jersey and funded by NJDEP Division of Fish and Wildlife, this multi-phase project concluded this summer with the third and final phase that included adaptive management work and habitat enhancements to boost biodiversity. We provided engineering design and oversight throughout the effort helping restore natural river flow and improve ecological resilience. On the Farmington River in Connecticut, the Winchell-Smith Dam was fully removed after more than a decade of planning and collaboration. Spearheaded by the Farmington River Watershed Association, this project reconnects 30 miles of critical upstream habitat, improving fish passage for species like American shad, alewife, and American eel. We contributed engineering, design, and project oversight, working alongside partners including Miss Porter’s School, CTDEEP Fisheries, and RiverLogic Solutions. The removal enhances ecological health, fish passage, public safety, and recreational opportunities along one of New England’s most celebrated rivers.
We delivered incredible results for our nonprofit and government partners, securing over $3.2 million in funding to support projects that restore ecosystems, enhance habitats, improve water quality, and implement watershed-based green infrastructure and stormwater BMPs, with grants awarded through the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation’s Delaware Watershed Conservation Fund and Section 319(h) of the federal Clean Water Act, administered by NJDEP’s Watershed and Land Management Program. We assisted the Borough of Mountain Lakes in securing grant funding from the New Jersey Highlands Council to develop a comprehensive Lake and Watershed Management Plan for nine lakes within the Borough. Also noteworthy: of the 17 total 319(h) grants awarded statewide this year, we’re proud to be a partner on five, demonstrating our commitment to advancing watershed restoration and sustainability.
In partnership with Friends of Hopewell Valley Open Space, we kicked off a groundbreaking research project: “Monitoring Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) in the Delaware River Watershed Using Drones and Spatial Analysis.” Funded by the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation through the Delaware Watershed Conservation Fund, this $1M initiative leverages drone technology, advanced data modeling, and community science to improve forecasting and management of HABs across a 73-mile stretch of the Delaware River and 23 associated waterbodies. We conceptualized and designed the project and are leading technical implementation, including field survey design, drone operations, data analysis, and volunteer training. By integrating drone-based remote sensing, on-the-water sampling, and spatial analysis, we aim to develop predictive tools for early detection and mitigation of HABs, helping protect drinking water supplies, wildlife, and local economies. This collaborative effort includes partners such as NYC College of Technology, Trenton Water Works, Mercer County Park Commission, The College of New Jersey, Aqua-PA, Philadelphia Water Department, Bucks County Conservation District, and Turner Designs. Data collection began in August will resume in Spring/Summer 2026 and culminate in 2027 with a final report.
Just this month, Princeton Hydro was honored with the Princeton Mercer Regional Chamber “Innovator of the Year” Award and President Geoffrey M. Goll, PE received the “Notable Achievement” Award from SAME New Jersey Post during their Annual Holiday Luncheon. Geoffrey also received a “Lifetime Achievement Award” from the New Jersey Highlands Coalition for his dedication to protecting and enhancing New Jersey’s environmental, cultural, and natural resources. For another year in row, Princeton Hydro was recognized as one of New Jersey’s “Top Workplaces of 2025.” In partnership with Warrington Township, our transformative ecological uplift initiative at Lion’s Pride Park won the 2025 Pennsylvania Governor’s Award for Environmental Excellence. We were selected as the recipient of the Friends of Hopewell Valley Open Space “Corporate Conservation Recognition" Award, a distinction that celebrates our long-standing dedication to advancing ecological resilience through science-based, innovative solutions. And, along with Crow Holdings, we were chosen for the United Away "Spirit of Philanthropy” Award.
In New York, we completed the Spring Creek North Ecosystem Restoration Project, revitalizing 43 acres of degraded habitat within the historic Jamaica Bay salt marsh system. The project restored a mosaic of ecosystems, including low marsh, high marsh, scrub-shrub wetland, and maritime upland, through activities like recontouring uplands to intertidal elevations, thin-layer sand placement, invasive species removal, and native plantings. This effort improves water quality, biodiversity, and wildlife habitat, contributing to the long-term health of Jamaica Bay. In the Meadowlands of New Jersey, we helped design and build the Steven R. Rothman Overlook and Preserve, a new five-acre public open space within the 587-acre Richard P. Kane Natural Area. The site offers ADA-accessible trails, sweeping views of the Meadowlands and NYC skyline, and a gateway into one of the state’s most ecologically significant landscapes along the Atlantic Flyway. We provided environmental, civil, and geotechnical engineering, landscape architecture, and construction oversight, ensuring the space honors decades of conservation work while creating opportunities for community connection and nature-based recreation.
Our team continues to shine, reaching new heights in research, professional development, and industry leadership. Senior Wildlife Biologist Michael McGraw, CSE, QAWB, ACE co-authored a study published in Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, a leading journal in agroecological research, and was featured on the Native Plants, Healthy Planet podcast, a Top 20 Nature Apple podcast with over 7,000 monthly listeners. Senior Director of Field Services Scott Churm became a PRO Certified EutroSORB® Specialist, and Geotechnical Engineer Matthew Pappas, CSS earned the highly respected Certified Construction Specifier credential from the Construction Specifications Institute. We also welcomed five new team members: Controller Andy Ryba; Senior Water Resources Engineer Rich Farella, PE, CFM; Staff Engineer Patricia Hurley, EIT; Marketing & Proposal Manager Amie Souza, and Aquatics Project Manager Tanya Dapkey, CE who earned her ESA Certified Ecologist credential this year. Way to go, team! Your dedication and talent continue to inspire us all.
Princeton Hydro teamed up with Billion Oyster Project, AKRF, and Monmouth University to explore how restored oyster reefs are revitalizing New York City’s waterways. The project, “Monitoring of Mobile Estuarine Organisms at Restored Oyster Reefs,” combines hands-on species surveys with cutting-edge environmental DNA (eDNA) analysis to capture a complete picture of reef biodiversity. As the field sampling lead, our team conducted monitoring at sites including Brooklyn Bridge Park, Bush Terminal Park, Flushing Bay, and Paedergat Basin. These efforts revealed a diverse array of estuarine life, from schooling fish to a surprise dogfish, and collected eDNA samples for advanced species detection. By integrating traditional sampling with innovative genetic tools, this collaboration is helping refine strategies for scaling up oyster reef restoration and strengthening the ecological resilience of New York Harbor.
This year, Princeton Hydro shared expertise on the global stage and celebrated major milestones in international river restoration. Senior Technical Director of Ecological Services Dr. Fred Lubnow traveled to Lisbon, Portugal, for the 17th International Symposium on Aquatic Plants, where he presented on managing submerged aquatic vegetation to prevent harmful algal blooms. Director of Aquatics Michael Hartshorne spoke at the Southern African Society for Aquatic Scientists Congress in Pietermaritzburg, South Africa, an event that convened researchers, industry professionals, and government leaders to advance aquatic science through collaboration and applied research. President Geoffrey M. Goll, PE, participated in a symposium in Durban, South Africa, focused on Dam Management and Restoration of River Connectivity organized by Dam Removal South Africa and the Institute of Natural Resources. We also celebrated progress in Portugal: Dam Removal Europe published a new case study on the Perofilho Weir removal and stream restoration project in Santarém for which Geoffrey M. Goll contributed to the removal design, helping reconnect 2.5 km of stream habitat and restore fish passage. In February, we published a blog highlighting Geoffrey's ongoing collaboration in Portugal and his October 2024 visit to key restoration sites, showcasing how barrier removal is addressing river fragmentation and creating a blueprint for future efforts.
We collaborated with the Bucks County Conservation District and Bucks County Planning Commission to launch the Lake Luxembourg Restoration StoryMap, an interactive tool that chronicles the decade-long effort to restore Lake Luxembourg’s Conservation Pool. This dynamic resource combines maps, multimedia, and storytelling to make restoration details accessible to the public. Working with Rutgers University’s Climate Change Resource Center and The Nature Conservancy, we contributed technical expertise to the New Jersey Nature-Based Solutions: Planning, Implementation, and Monitoring Reference Guide. This comprehensive guide offers science-based strategies, case studies, and funding resources to help communities implement nature-based solutions statewide. In partnership with the Borough of Harveys Lake, we developed a ArcGIS StoryMap that chronicles the community’s long-standing commitment to water quality, showcases a pilot project aimed at reducing stormwater nutrient pollution, and connects local efforts to broader Chesapeake Bay watershed health. And, for the Lower Makefield Township Environmental Advisory Council, Geoffrey M. Goll, PE, developed a Rain Gardens 101 step-by-step tutorial on designing and building rain gardens. The recorded presentation, now available to the public, provides practical tips and visuals to help homeowners improve stormwater management and support pollinator habitats.
We strengthened partnerships and advanced critical conversations through a year of dynamic engagement. From technical conferences to community events, our team shared expertise, fostered collaboration, and inspired action on climate resilience, water quality, and ecosystem restoration. Princeton Hydro was proud to participate as a sponsor, exhibitor, and session presenter at the New Jersey Association for Floodplain Management 20th Annual Conference and Exhibition - Christiana Pollack, CERP, CFM, GISP, Director of Restoration and Resilience, presented on strategies to address climate-driven impacts in Philadelphia and Clay Emerson, PhD, PE, CFM, Senior Technical Director of Engineering, led a session on establishing a stormwater utility. We participated in six SAME events, including the National Small Business Conference in Phoenix, AZ. President Geoffrey M. Goll, PE, presented to 300+ attendees during the 2025 National Dam Safety Program Technical Seminar. We gave two presentations at the Society for Ecological Restoration World Conference. Senior Manager of Aquatics Chris L. Mikolajczyk, CLM, and Senior Technical Director of Ecological Services Dr. Fred Lubnow presented at the 42nd Annual NYSFOLA Conference. As part of the Invasive Aquatic Plant Management portion of the Northeast Aquatic Plant Management Society Annual Meeting, Aquatic Ecologist Jesse Smith led a workshop on Brittle Naiad (Najas minor) Management. Aquatics Project Manager and Environmental Scientist Pat Rose presented at NJDEP’s 6th Annual Harmful Algal Bloom Summit. During the New Jersey Coastal Resilience Collaborative for its Coastal Ecological Restoration Technical Workshop, Director of Marketing & Communications, Dana Patterson Grear, presented “How to Build a Digital Communications Toolkit for Climate Action.” Locally, we celebrated community and stewardship through events like the Trenton Reel and Restore Day and Trenton River Fest. These are just a few highlights from a truly impactful year!
As we look back on these achievements, we are deeply grateful for the relationships that made them possible. Your confidence in and support of our mission empowers us to innovate, restore, and protect the natural resources we all depend on. Here’s to building on this momentum in 2026 and continuing to make a positive impact together!
Across Eswatini’s rural landscape, geography often dictates opportunity. Rivers that swell during rainy seasons can separate families from schools, healthcare, and markets, making daily routines unpredictable and sometimes unsafe. In the three years before the Imphumelelo Footbridge was completed, five people tragically lost their lives and ten were injured attempting to cross during floods. To help address this challenge, volunteers from the Engineers in Action chapter at Rutgers University joined with other students from the University of Iowa, Hofstra University, and Northwestern University, during the summer of 2025, living and working alongside local communities to build the Imphumelelo Footbridge. Each student chapter is responsible for raising the funds needed to purchase construction materials, making the project both a test of resourcefulness and commitment. For Rutgers students, the experience offered not only the chance to apply technical skills in the field, but also invaluable hands-on learning that deepened their understanding of engineering in practice.
At 108 meters long, the Imphumelelo Footbridge is the second longest bridge completed by the Rutgers Chapter in Eswatini, a small, landlocked country in Southern Africa, funded in part by the Microprojects Programme and constructed through the nonprofit Engineers in Action. Now providing safe, year‑round access for more than 1,320 people, the bridge drastically reduces travel distances to healthcare and schools, while standing as a testament to Rutgers students’ commitment to connecting communities and expanding opportunity.
This video offers a glimpse into the construction process itself, showing how the Rutgers Engineers in Action Chapter worked alongside community members in Eswatini to bring the bridge to life. Viewers can see the challenges that arose, the teamwork that solved them, and the collaborative spirit that carried the project from planning to completion:
The Imphumelelo Footbridge was the result of four months of careful preplanning and two months of intensive construction in southern Eswatini. This was the farthest site Engineers in Action has worked on, located nearly three hours by car from the nearest city. The remote setting added complexity to the project, but it also underscored the importance of building a reliable crossing for the communities who would depend on it.
Construction was not without its challenges. When hoisting the suspension cables, the team’s winch broke because it was old and rusted. With the guidance of local masons, students improvised solutions, even resorting to manually knocking the cables to adjust their height. On anchor pouring day, when several batches of concrete were poured to secure the massive blocks through which the cables run, shifting wood supports forced the team to pause, reassess, and slightly reduce the bearing load to ensure stability. Concrete mixing also presented difficulties, since batches sometimes contained too much water.
Rutgers Engineers in Action Co-President, Ula Sokolowski devised a practical solution: mixing gravel, sand, and cement without water, then combining it with the wetter batch to achieve the correct ratio. Reflecting on the experience, Ula noted, "Much of engineering happens behind a desk, but being on site and contributing directly to the build was a completely different experience. Learning how to do every part of the process was not only valuable, but genuinely fun."
Aito Sterle, who served as a Quality Control Manager on Rutgers project in the previous year, the project was equally transformative. Aito explained, “The experience completely changed my engineering mindset. Traveling gave me a new perspective on life and exposed me to a whole variety of problems that required creative solutions. As a quality control manager, I was able to dive into the nitty‑gritty of bridge building and really understand the ins and outs of the process. Even though we weren’t part of the initial design, we felt connected to it on site — documenting each step, taking precise measurements, and ensuring everything was engineered to a T. It opened my eyes to how engineering truly works in the real world.”
The process was a full collaborative effort between students and community members: mixing concrete, sifting sand, moving rocks, and passing buckets of concrete down long human chains. Local masons built walls from stone, while students documented each step and checked measurements to ensure precision. For many community members, the project offered not only a chance to contribute to lasting infrastructure, but also meaningful daily work in a region where jobs are scarce.
The bridge’s completion was celebrated not only by the Rutgers team and local residents, but also by community leaders. At the handover ceremony, MP David Ngcamphalala of Qomintaba emphasized the power of collaboration, stating, “Nothing is impossible when people work together.”
Engineers in Action Program Manager Ana Jovanovic echoed this sentiment, describing the Imphumelelo Footbridge as “a promise of safety, opportunity, and connection. It will save lives, open access to healthcare, and help the next generation reach their classrooms without fear.”
Local leaders also looked ahead to future development. Bucopho of Sigwe expressed gratitude to the Microprojects Programme and appealed for continued support, noting that the dedication of Members of Parliament, Indvuna Yenkhundla, and community leaders gave him confidence that more projects would follow in Qomintaba and Matsanjeni South.
These reflections, reported in the Africa-Press – Eswatini, highlight how the Imphumelelo Footbridge was not only a technical achievement but also a symbol of partnership, resilience, and hope for the communities it serves.
Beyond construction, the Rutgers Engineers in Action team immersed themselves in local life. Prior to travel, students studied language and cultural traditions with the help of a Cultural Relationships Manager, preparing them to build genuine connections. Once in Eswatini, those connections flourished. Community members welcomed the students warmly, eager to share experiences and perspectives.
Every Saturday, soccer matches and games brought students and residents together. Music often filled the downtime at the construction site, with dance becoming a universal language that bridged cultural and linguistic gaps. Families opened their homes to the volunteers, with one household affectionately adopting the students for the duration of their stay.
For Rutgers students, these relationships were as impactful as the bridge itself. The project was not only about engineering a structure, but also about building trust, friendship, and mutual respect across cultures.
Engineers in Action began in 2009 as an international nonprofit dedicated to connecting isolated communities to essential resources through sustainable infrastructure projects. Originally linked with the Bridges to Prosperity program, Engineers in Action has expanded its mission to include not only footbridges, but also water and sanitation systems that empower underserved communities. Student chapters across the United States and Canada have played a vital role in advancing this mission, gaining hands-on engineering experience while helping communities overcome barriers to education, healthcare, and economic opportunity.
To continue building bridges and expanding access to vital resources, Engineers in Action relies on donations. Contributions directly fund materials, logistics, and training that make future projects possible. Supporting Engineers in Action means helping students like those from Rutgers bring their skills to communities in need, while ensuring that families around the world can safely reach schools, hospitals, and markets. For more information check out the chapters Linktree. Readers who wish to make a difference are encouraged to consider donating to the Rutgers Engineers in Action Chapter at their year end campaign or their main donation page and become part of the effort to bridge divides and expand opportunity.
Princeton Mercer Regional Chamber hosted its Legacy of Leadership Awards Dinner at the historic and elegant TPC Jasna Polana in Princeton, New Jersey. This annual tradition celebrates the accomplishments of Chamber members and shines a spotlight on leaders who make a lasting impact on the business community.
The evening featured four prestigious awards: Business Leader of the Year, Community Leader of the Year, Entrepreneur of the Year, and Innovator of the Year. We are proud to announce that Princeton Hydro was selected as the recipient of the 2025 Innovator of the Year Award.
Pictured below from left to right - Mike Coyle of PESG and Chamber Board of Directors with Princeton Hydro President Geoffrey M. Goll, PE and Vice President Mark Gallagher:
The Legacy Awards dinner also recognized an incredible lineup of honorees whose leadership and vision shape the Princeton Mercer business community and beyond:
Princeton Hydro President Geoffrey M. Goll, PE accepted the award on behalf of the firm, accompanied by members of the firm's leadership: Mark Gallagher, Vice President; Megan Hunter Ruf, Chief Operating Officer; and Dana Patterson Grear, Director of Marketing and Communications.
During his acceptance remarks, Geoff reflected on what innovation truly means: the courage to challenge the status quo, the curiosity to explore new ideas, and the collaboration needed to turn those ideas into impact. He emphasized that innovation at Princeton Hydro goes beyond technology—it’s about reimagining how we interact with nature and creating solutions that balance ecological integrity with human needs. From combating toxic algal blooms and restoring urban waterways to pioneering green infrastructure and building climate resilience, innovation drives everything we do.
Geoff also highlighted the importance of community engagement, noting that Princeton Hydro’s commitment extends beyond project sites. Whether supporting environmental education, partnering with nonprofits, or working with underserved communities to ensure access to clean water and green spaces, the company believes innovation is most powerful when it’s inclusive and community-driven.
Princeton Hydro was also honored to sponsor the event, which brought together business leaders from across the region. Guests enjoyed an evening of networking, fine dining, and recognition of outstanding achievements. The Legacy of Leadership Awards Dinner highlights the Chamber’s commitment to fostering growth and collaboration.
Receiving the "Innovator of the Year" Award is a tremendous honor for our team. At Princeton Hydro, innovation is at the heart of everything we do, from designing sustainable, nature-based solutions to restoring ecosystems and advancing environmental stewardship. This recognition reinforces our mission to create a positive, lasting impact on both people and nature.
We extend our heartfelt thanks to the Princeton Mercer Regional Chamber for this acknowledgment and to all who make this annual celebration possible. We look forward to continuing to innovate and collaborate with our partners and community in the year ahead.
Learn more about the Princeton Mercer Regional Chamber here. To read about one of Princeton Hydro's award-winning projects, click here.
Friends of Hopewell Valley Open Space (FoHVOS), in partnership with Princeton Hydro, has launched a groundbreaking initiative, “Monitoring Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) in the Delaware River Watershed Using Drones and Spatial Analysis,” to improve understanding and forecasting of HABs throughout the Delaware River Watershed. Funded by the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation (NFWF), in partnership with the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, through the Delaware Watershed Conservation Fund (DWCF), the project leverages drone technology and advanced data modeling to identify environmental conditions that contribute to HAB formation and aims to develop tools and methodologies for early detection and management.
For this innovative research project, FoHVOS, a 501(c)3 and accredited Land Trust located in Hopewell Township, NJ, has teamed with Princeton Hydro. Princeton Hydro conceptualized and designed the initiative and is leading the technical implementation, including field survey design, drone operations, data analysis, and volunteer training.
“The Delaware River is central to Hopewell Valley’s identity. It shapes our way of life, supplies drinking water to 14.2 million people, shelters wildlife like the endangered Atlantic sturgeon, and offers abundant outdoor recreation,” said Jennifer Rogers, Executive Director of FoHVOS. “HABs were once confined to ponds and lakes, but since 2018, they’ve appeared in colder months and spread to streams and rivers. Though land trusts traditionally focus on land, HABs show how land use directly affects water. These blooms often stem from excess nitrogen and phosphorus washed into waterways during storms. Protecting water means restoring land. Our partnership with Princeton Hydro aligns perfectly with our mission. Together, we’re working to better understand and safeguard the Delaware River and its tributaries in both NJ and PA.”
HABs, caused by nuisance growth of cyanobacteria, can have detrimental effects on water quality and are a growing environmental concern nationwide. These blooms deplete oxygen levels, release toxins, and disrupt ecosystems, potentially posing serious risks to drinking water supplies and the health of wildlife, pets, humans, and local economies. Despite advances in environmental monitoring, predicting when and where HABs will occur remains a challenge due to the complex interplay of nutrient loading, temperature, and hydrologic conditions that can lead to rapid bloom proliferation.
To address these challenges, this newly launched initiative integrates drone-based remote sensing, field sampling, and spatial data analysis to collect and interpret detailed environmental data over a two-year period. The study spans multiple monitoring sites along a 73-mile stretch of the Delaware River in New Jersey and Pennsylvania, focusing on near-shore sections and 23 associated waterbodies. The first survey event began in August 2025.
Drones equipped with multispectral imaging systems capture high-resolution spatial data that is then integrated with digital platforms to link remote-sensing with the drone data and on-the-water collected data. The field-based water quality measurements are being collected by a team of trained community volunteers who are using phycocyanin fluorometer meters to measure concentrations of the photosynthetic pigment phycocyanin, which is produced primarily by cyanobacteria. Volunteers enter the data into a customized ArcGIS mobile-friendly survey. These combined datasets will be used to develop and validate predictive algorithms for both planktonic and benthic HABs under varying seasonal and hydrologic conditions.
The following photos depict the RGB (Visual) and corresponding Thermal image from the monitoring flights over Spring Lake in New Jersey:
“This research project represents a major step forward in how we study and manage harmful algal blooms at the watershed scale,” said Dr. Fred Lubnow, Project Lead and Senior Technical Director of Ecological Services at Princeton Hydro. “By integrating satellite data, drone imagery, and on-the-water sampling, we’re developing predictive tools that will enable us take a proactive approach to mitigate HABs, improve response time, and better support our ecosystem health.”
Project partners include New York City College of Technology – The City University of New York, which donated the drone and is supporting remote sensing and data integration; Trenton Water Works, Mercer County Park Commission, and The College of New Jersey which are providing monitoring sites and contributing volunteers for water quality data collection in New Jersey; Aqua-PA and the Philadelphia Water Department, which are providing monitoring sites and volunteers to collect watershed data in Pennsylvania; the Bucks County Conservation District, which is coordinating volunteer data collection; and Turner Designs, whose advanced phycocyanin sensors are being used to calibrate and validate drone-based monitoring data.
In the photos below, volunteers are being trained by Princeton Hydro staff on how to use phycocyanin fluorometers and Secchi disks to gather water quality data and log their findings.
This $1M project is funded through a $488,400 NFWF DWCF grant as part of the NFWF’s Research, Monitoring, & Evaluation Grant category and $513,700 in matching funds from project partners. This grant category aims to support high-performing science that is inclusive, adaptive, and innovative, with the potential to transform the Delaware River Watershed’s future through improved conservation, restoration, and public engagement.
Once complete, the project will produce a comprehensive report summarizing methods, analyses, and data-driven recommendations for practical, low-cost HAB monitoring and mitigation strategies that can be replicated across the Delaware River Watershed and beyond. Crucially, the report will identify tributaries and sources contributing to riverine HABs, enabling targeted restoration of the most affected lands and waters. Data collection will continue through Fall 2025, resume in Spring/Summer 2026, and culminate in a final report expected in 2027.
FoHVOS is a 501(c)3 nonprofit land trust dedicated to conserving the natural resources of the Hopewell Valley region and beyond. Through land preservation, ecological restoration, community engagement, and science-driven initiatives, FoHVOS works to protect and enhance open spaces for future generations. Learn more at www.fohvos.org.
Princeton Hydro is committed to improving our ecosystems, quality of life, and communities for the better. The firm was formed in 1998 with the specific mission of providing integrated ecological and engineering consulting services. Offering expertise in natural resource management, water resources engineering, geotechnical design and investigation, and regulatory compliance, their staff provide a full suite of environmental services throughout the Northeast for the public and private sectors. Project Lead, Dr. Fred Lubnow, is an expert in HAB management and has worked with dozens of lake associations and government agencies to restore lakes, manage watersheds, reduce pollutant loading, address invasive aquatic plants, and mitigate nuisance HABs. To learn more about Princeton Hydro's work to mitigate harmful algal blooms, go here.
Duke Farms, a Center of the Doris Duke Foundation, is a 2,700-acre landscape in Hillsborough, NJ, dedicated to restoring ecosystems, demonstrating sustainable land management, and inspiring environmental leadership. Once the privately-owned estate of J.B. and Doris Duke, the property now welcomes more than 150,000 visitors annually who come to experience its diverse habitats, miles of public trails, and innovative conservation programs.
Situated within the Raritan River Watershed and bordered by a mosaic of rural and suburban development, Duke Farms functions as a living laboratory for nature-based solutions in complex, fragmented landscapes. Its forests, meadows, waterways, and working lands offer an unparalleled setting to advance climate-positive strategies, including restorative land management and decarbonization initiatives, while maintaining an unwavering commitment to protecting wildlife and enriching biodiversity.
For more than 20 years, Princeton Hydro has partnered with Duke Farms to restore, monitor, and manage its interconnected lakes and ponds. In 2001, we developed a comprehensive Lake Management Plan to address water quality challenges, promote ecological balance, and ensure these systems could support both wildlife and public use. Since then, we have provided ongoing updates to align management strategies with the ecological objectives of the Duke Farms Foundation. Over time, the Foundation has expanded public access for education and recreation, highlighting the distinctions between shallow, artificial impoundments and natural lakes while implementing innovative, nature-based techniques for algae and aquatic plant control. Today, Duke Farms’ 11 lakes and ponds, eight of which were included in the original plan, remain central to the property’s water resources and continue to play a vital role in overall ecological health, stewardship programming, and public recreation opportunities.
Great Falls Cove at Duke Farms. Photo by Princeton Hydro Aquatic Ecologist Katie Walston-Frederick.
The original Lake Management Plan integrated routine water quality monitoring, hydrologic and pollutant-load modeling, adaptive aquatic plant management, and targeted interventions to restore ecological balance. Key components included invasive species control, such as Common Carp removal to support native fish populations, and a comprehensive algae and aquatic plant program that included aeration and aquascaping. This multifaceted approach established the foundation for long-term recovery across the lake system.
As Duke Farms expanded public access and strengthened its educational mission, management strategies evolved to emphasize innovative, low-impact techniques for shallow, human-made impoundments. Recent advancements implemented by Princeton Hydro include:
The most recent plan update incorporates techniques that were unavailable when the original plan was developed:
In 2012, Princeton Hydro conducted a detailed hydrologic analysis of Duke Farms’ interconnected lake system to evaluate water management strategies. Historically, water from the Raritan River was pumped into the lakes to maintain water levels. While reliable, this practice introduced elevated nutrients and sediments in the property’s lakes and ponds, degrading water quality and fueling nuisance algal blooms.
The study synthesized pump and discharge records, long-term climate and hydrologic data, and monthly water budgets, and included experimental pumping scenarios to assess alternatives. Results were transformative: under normal conditions, supplemental pumping could be reduced by more than 95%, and even during drought, by about 70%, without compromising lake levels. Based on these findings, Duke Farms adopted a low-volume, seasonal pumping strategy and transitioned to a higher-quality groundwater source, which significantly reduced nutrient loading, improved water clarity, and lowered energy consumption.
Ongoing monitoring remains a cornerstone of the Duke Farms–Princeton Hydro partnership. For each waterbody, the team conducts in-situ data collection, laboratory analyses, visual and observational evaluations, and detailed reporting. Data from continuous monitoring demonstrates sustained improvements in dissolved oxygen, water quality, and overall lake/pond health. This continuous feedback loop informs adaptive management decisions and allows Duke Farms to measure the ecological success of its restoration efforts.
We are proud to partner with Duke Farms in advancing the health and resilience of its water resources, a commitment that not only protects the lakes and ponds on the property but also delivers positive ecological benefits throughout the Raritan River watershed. Click here to learn more about our lake management work in the region. To explore Duke Farms, plan a visit to its beautiful property, sign up for educational programs, or discover ways to get involved in its conservation initiatives, visit Duke Farms’ website.
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